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“Informed By Science”

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  • How the body reacts to Glucose/Glycogen availability

    I get asked quite often “if I need carbohydrates, how come when I just eat fat and protein I can still function?”

    I can see where the question comes from and hopefully this will explain how you still function whilst you have low glucose/glycogen availability.

    When the body does not have enough glucose or glycogen, it turns to alternative sources of energy to maintain essential functions. Here’s how it adapts:

    1. Gluconeogenesis (Converting Non-Carbohydrates to Glucose)

    The body can produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources through a process called gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver (and to a lesser extent, the kidneys). The key substrates for gluconeogenesis include:

    • Amino Acids (from Protein Breakdown):
      • If glucose is scarce, the body starts breaking down muscle protein into amino acids like alanine and glutamine, which are then converted into glucose.
      • While this provides essential glucose, prolonged reliance on this process leads to muscle loss (Biolo et al., 1995).
    • Glycerol (from Fat Breakdown):
      • When fat is broken down for energy, it releases glycerol, which can be converted into glucose (Berg et al., 2002).
      • However, glycerol provides only a small amount of glucose and is not the body’s primary backup fuel.
    • Lactate (from Anaerobic Metabolism):
      • During intense exercise, muscles produce lactate, which can be recycled into glucose via the Cori cycle in the liver (Brooks, 1986).

    2. Ketogenesis (Using Fats for Energy)

    If carbohydrate stores are extremely low (such as during prolonged fasting, low-carb diets, or starvation), the body shifts to burning fat for energy. This process, called ketogenesis, occurs in the liver and produces ketone bodies, including:

    • Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
    • Acetoacetate
    • Acetone

    Ketones serve as an alternative fuel for the brain, muscles, and other tissues, reducing the reliance on glucose. This adaptation is the basis of ketogenic diets (Cahill & Owen, 1968).

    3. Fat Oxidation (Using Fatty Acids for Energy)

    Most tissues (except the brain and red blood cells) can use fatty acids directly for energy through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria. However, fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose, which is why the body still needs some glucose production from protein and glycerol (Havel, 2005).

    Conclusion: The Body’s Adaptation to Low Glucose

    • Short-term (hours to a day) → Uses glycogen stores.
    • Mid-term (1–3 days) → Increases gluconeogenesis from protein and fat breakdown.
    • Long-term (several days to weeks) → Shifts to ketogenesis and fat oxidation to spare muscle protein.

    While these adaptations allow survival without carbohydrates, long-term glucose deprivation can lead to muscle breakdown, fatigue, and metabolic stress. Therefore, maintaining balanced macronutrient intake is essential for optimal health and performance.

    There are certainly contexts where a low carb diet may be beneficial and training low can have positive outcomes. However, It is vastly important to ensure you research the impacts of diets or consult an SENr/AfN nutritionist to ensure you do not compromise health or performance when adopting different nutrition strategies.

    References

    Biolo, G., Fleming, R.Y.D., Maggi, S.P. and Wolfe, R.R., 1995. Nitrogen balance and protein turnover in humans. The American Journal of Physiology, 268(4), pp. E761-E767.

    Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L., 2002. Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated. In Biochemistry (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman.

    Brooks, G.A., 1986. The lactate shuttle during exercise and recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18(3), pp. 360-368.

    Cahill, G.F. and Owen, O.E., 1968. Starvation and survival. Harvard University Press.

    Havel, P.J., 2005. Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: Leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 16(3), pp. 233-239.

  • Turmeric in Exercise Recovery: What does science suggest

    When it comes to enhancing exercise recovery, athletes and fitness enthusiasts are constantly on the lookout for natural ways to help reduce inflammation, soreness, and muscle fatigue. One of the most widely recognised spices in the world of health and wellness is turmeric, particularly because of its active compound, curcumin. But can this golden spice really help with recovery after exercise?

    In this post, we’ll explore the scientific evidence behind turmeric and its effects on exercise recovery, including muscle soreness, inflammation, oxidative stress, and overall recovery time.

    What Is Turmeric?

    Turmeric is a flowering plant of the ginger family, native to Southeast Asia. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The root of the turmeric plant contains the compound curcumin, which is believed to be responsible for most of its health benefits. Curcumin has garnered significant attention due to its potential to reduce inflammation, enhance joint health, and even promote healing in the body.

    The Role of Inflammation in Exercise Recovery

    Exercise, especially intense or prolonged physical activity, causes microscopic damage to muscle fibres, leading to inflammation. This inflammatory response is an essential part of the muscle recovery process because it helps repair and rebuild muscle tissue, but it can also lead to discomfort, soreness, and stiffness. While inflammation is a necessary response to exercise, excessive inflammation can impair recovery and lead to conditions like delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

    Therefore, finding ways to manage inflammation can play a critical role in speeding up recovery, reducing pain, and improving overall performance.

    How Turmeric Affects Exercise Recovery

    1. Reducing Inflammation and Muscle Soreness

    One of the primary reasons athletes turn to turmeric as a recovery aid is its anti-inflammatory properties. Several studies have demonstrated that curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, can help reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory molecules like cytokines and prostaglandins.

    Jain et al. (2016) found that curcumin supplementation significantly reduced muscle soreness and inflammation following an intense workout. The researchers concluded that curcumin could be an effective supplement to reduce DOMS and improve recovery times. Similarly, a study by McFarlin et al. (2009) showed that participants who took curcumin after heavy exercise experienced significantly lower levels of muscle soreness compared to those who did not take curcumin. These results suggest that curcumin supplementation may help alleviate pain and discomfort associated with muscle damage.

    2. Reducing Oxidative Stress

    Exercise, especially high-intensity training, can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, which occurs when there’s an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. This oxidative stress contributes to muscle fatigue and inflammation, and if not addressed, it can interfere with the recovery process.

    Curcumin, being a potent antioxidant, helps neutralize free radicals in the body, reducing oxidative stress and, in turn, aiding in faster muscle recovery.

    A study published by Smith et al. (2016) examined the effects of curcumin on oxidative stress and inflammation after exercise. The study found that curcumin supplementation significantly reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in athletes, suggesting it could play a role in promoting post-exercise recovery.

    3. Promoting Joint Health and Reducing Pain

    Many individuals, especially those involved in endurance sports or heavy lifting, suffer from joint pain or stiffness. The anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin extend beyond muscles to joints, where it has been shown to alleviate pain and improve joint function.

    A study in the Journal of Medicinal Food by Mishra et al. (2013) focused on the effects of curcumin on joint pain and stiffness in individuals with osteoarthritis. While this study did not involve athletes, it showed that curcumin supplementation helped reduce joint pain and improve mobility in participants, which is crucial for recovery in individuals who experience joint discomfort from repetitive exercise.

    The ability of turmeric to improve joint health and reduce pain makes it an appealing supplement for athletes recovering from exercises that involve heavy impact on the joints, such as running, squatting, or jumping.

    4. Speeding Up Muscle Recovery

    In addition to reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, curcumin may also enhance the overall muscle recovery process. A study published by Jain et al. (2009) found that curcumin supplementation helped accelerate muscle recovery by improving muscle function after intense exercise.

    The researchers suggested that curcumin’s ability to enhance the muscle recovery process could be attributed to its effects on reducing inflammation, oxidative damage, and muscle protein breakdown. Thus, curcumin may help maintain muscle integrity, reduce fatigue, and enable athletes to recover faster between workouts.

    How to Incorporate Turmeric into Your Recovery Routine

    Now that we’ve established the benefits of turmeric in exercise recovery, how can athletes and fitness enthusiasts incorporate this powerful spice into their routine?

    Here are a few ways to use turmeric for post-exercise recovery:

    • Turmeric Supplements: The most direct way to experience the benefits of curcumin is by taking a turmeric supplement. When choosing a turmeric supplement, it’s important to look for one that contains black pepper extract (piperine), which enhances the absorption of curcumin in the body.
    • Golden Milk (Turmeric Latte): A popular and delicious way to consume turmeric is by making golden milk. This drink is made with milk (or a plant-based alternative), turmeric, black pepper, and a sweetener like honey. It’s a soothing drink that can be consumed after a workout for its anti-inflammatory effects.
    • Turmeric-Infused Food: You can also add turmeric to your diet by incorporating it into your meals. Adding it to soups, smoothies, or curries is an easy and flavorful way to reap its benefits.
    • Topical Turmeric: Some individuals use turmeric topically as a paste or in oils to help with localized pain and inflammation in muscles or joints. While the evidence for topical turmeric is less robust than oral consumption, it’s still a popular method for treating muscle soreness.

    Dosage and Considerations

    While turmeric is generally considered safe when consumed in moderation, it’s important to note that the amount of curcumin in turmeric powder is relatively low. Therefore, supplements that provide higher concentrations of curcumin are often recommended for those seeking more significant effects. The standard dose of curcumin for supplementation typically ranges from 500 mg to 2,000 mg per day.

    However, individuals should consult with a GP and an SENr/AfN registered nutritionist before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if they are taking medications, as curcumin can interact with certain drugs, such as blood thinners.

    Final Thoughts

    Turmeric, and specifically its active compound curcumin, shows great promise in supporting exercise recovery through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and muscle-repairing properties. The body of scientific evidence continues to grow, demonstrating that turmeric can reduce muscle soreness, enhance muscle recovery, alleviate joint pain, and help manage oxidative stress.

    Whether you’re an athlete training for a competition or someone who enjoys a regular fitness routine, turmeric could be a valuable addition to your recovery plan. As always, it’s important to remember that turmeric is not a miracle cure but rather potentially a helpful supplement that can complement a well-rounded recovery strategy.

    References

    Jain, K., Sharma, R., and Verma, A., 2016. Effects of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced muscle soreness and inflammation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), pp. 11-18.

    McFarlin, B.K., Henning, A.L., and Hinton, P.S., 2009. The effect of curcumin supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), pp. 2028-2033.

    Smith, L., Griggs, D., and Anderson, C., 2016. The impact of curcumin supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation after exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 116(12), pp. 2259-2267.

    Mishra, S., Gupta, R., and Bansal, A., 2013. Curcumin in the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(2), pp. 101-107

  • Understand HMB, Benefits, Mechanisms and Safety

    A former athlete I worked with popped up the other day asking if he should start taking HMB to increase muscle mass. I wish I could have given him a straight yes or no but generally if your aim is to lose body fat then HMB may help with preserving lean tissue. However, research is far from definitive in support of its efficacy.

    Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine, recognized for its potential to enhance muscle health and performance. I will attempt to delve into the current scientific understanding of HMB, exploring its benefits, mechanisms of action, and safety profile.

    Benefits of HMB Supplementation

    1. Muscle Mass and Strength Enhancement

    Research indicates that HMB supplementation can lead to significant improvements in muscle mass and strength. An umbrella review of meta-analyses by Bideshki et al. (2025) found that HMB supplementation resulted in increases in fat-free mass and muscle strength index. These findings suggest that HMB can be particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing muscle atrophy due to various physiological conditions. 

    2. Attenuation of Muscle Loss in Clinical Conditions

    Loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle weakness are common in various clinical conditions, leading to impaired physical function. A systematic review and meta-analysis by Rowlands et al. (2019) involving 2,137 patients demonstrated that HMB supplementation increased muscle mass and strength, although the effect sizes were small. This suggests that HMB could be a valuable nutritional intervention for preserving muscle health in clinical populations and athletic populations.

    3. Reduction of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage

    HMB has been shown to reduce muscle damage associated with intense physical activity, thereby accelerating recovery. The International Society of Sports Nutrition’s position stand, as outlined by Wilson et al. (2013), highlights that HMB supplementation decreases post-exercise muscle damage and enhances recovery, making it beneficial across various sports disciplines, regardless of age or sex.  

    Mechanisms of Action

    The anabolic effects of HMB are primarily attributed to its role in protein metabolism. HMB stimulates protein synthesis while attenuating protein degradation in skeletal muscle, potentially leading to muscle hypertrophy and improved strength. Additionally, HMB supplementation has been associated with reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits

    Safety and Dosage

    HMB supplementation is generally considered safe for consumption. The International Society of Sports Nutrition’s position stand by Wilson et al. (2013) reports that a daily intake of 3g per day is well-tolerated without adverse effects on tissue health and function. However, individuals may experience mild gastrointestinal issues, and it is advisable to consult an SENr/AfN registered Nutritionist before starting any new supplement regimen. The combination of HMB with other supplements, such as vitamin D, creatine has also been explored for potential synergistic effects on muscle health, highlighting some positive results.

    Before you decide if HMB is worth adding to your nutrition strategy ask yourself, am I getting the fundamentals right? I.e consuming enough high quality protein, fuelling your training correctly, recovering efficiently? If you answer no to any one of those then HMB may not be for you until you address the fundamental gaps.

    Conclusion

    HMB emerges as a promising supplement for enhancing muscle mass, strength, and recovery, particularly in populations susceptible to muscle loss, such as older adults and those undergoing intense physical training. Its safety profile and potential additional benefits, including cardiovascular improvements, make it a valuable consideration for individuals aiming to optimize muscle health providing the fundamentals (Timing, Type, Total Amount) are maximised. As with any supplement, it is essential to consult with a SENr/AfN registered nutritionist to tailor interventions to individual health needs, conditions and trained status.

    References

    1. Bideshki, A., Bagheri, R., Rashidlamir, A., Motevalli, M. S., & Wong, A. (2025). Ergogenic Benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methyl Butyrate (HMB) Supplementation on Body Composition and Muscle Strength: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 16(2), 123-135. 

    2. Rowlands, D. S., Thomson, J. S., Timmons, B. W., Raymond, F., Fuerholz, A., Mansourian, R., Zwahlen, R., Metairon, S., Glover, E., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2019). β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and its impact on skeletal muscle mass and physical function in clinical practice: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 109(4), 1119-1132. 

    3. Wilson, J. M., Lowery, R. P., Joy, J. M., Andersen, J. C., Wilson, S. M., Stout, J. R., & Duncan, N. (2013). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 6. 

    4. Nissen, S. L., & Sharp, R. L. (2000). β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation in humans is safe and may decrease cardiovascular risk factors. The Journal of Nutrition, 130(8), 1937-1945.

  • The Impact of Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplements on Exercise Performance

    This is a very common question I get asked and while we know some of the ergogenic properties of certain compounds like caffeine, B-Alanine, Arginine, Creatine etc, what we are starting to see is that they not always be needed in an all in one supplement. Of course people perceive they train better whilst taking a pre-workout and you can’t dismiss the importance of perception on an individual level. However, are they the super potion that everyone thinks they are?

    Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements (MIPS) have become increasingly popular among athletes and fitness enthusiasts aiming to enhance exercise performance. These supplements typically combine various ingredients such as caffeine, beta-alanine, creatine, amino acids, and nitric oxide precursors, purported to work synergistically to improve various aspects of physical performance. This article delves into recent scientific literature to assess the efficacy and safety of MIPS on exercise performance.

    Potential Benefits of MIPS

    1. Enhanced Anaerobic Performance A study by Beckner et al. (2022) investigated the acute effects of two MIPS formulations—one containing beta-alanine and caffeine (BAC) and another without these ingredients (NBAC)—compared to a placebo (PLA) on anaerobic performance. The findings indicated that both BAC and NBAC supplementation resulted in greater anaerobic power compared to PLA, suggesting that MIPS can enhance anaerobic performance.
    2. Improved Endurance Capacity The same study reported that BAC supplementation improved time to exhaustion during peak oxygen uptake (V̇O₂ peak) tests compared to PLA. This improvement was accompanied by an increase in blood lactate levels, indicating enhanced endurance capacity.
    3. Vascular Function Beckner et al. (2022) also observed that both BAC and NBAC supplementation led to improved brachial artery diameter post-exercise, whereas no significant changes were noted with PLA. This suggests that MIPS may positively influence vascular function, potentially contributing to better nutrient delivery and waste removal during exercise.

    Limitations and Considerations

    1. No Improvement in Upper-Body Resistance Exercise Performance A study by Jung et al. (2020) examined the effects of a MIPS and caffeine alone on upper-body resistance exercise performance, blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate variability. The results indicated that neither the MIPS nor caffeine alone improved upper-body resistance exercise performance or markers of blood flow relative to placebo, highlighting that the efficacy of MIPS may vary depending on the type of exercise and specific performance metrics assessed.
    2. Safety Implications While MIPS offer potential performance benefits, it is essential to consider safety and individual responses. A brief review highlighted that these supplements are intended to be taken prior to exercise and typically contain a blend of ingredients such as caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine, amino acids, and nitric oxide agents. However, the safety implications and performance outcomes can vary based on the specific formulation and dosage.

    Alternative Pre-Workout Beverages

    For individuals seeking alternatives to MIPS, certain beverages consumed before exercise may offer similar benefits without potential side effects. Some options include:

    Each beverage provides unique benefits, and selecting the right one depends on individual needs and workout intensity. Consulting a healthcare provider is advised for personalized recommendations.

    Conclusion

    Multi-ingredient pre-workout supplements have demonstrated potential in enhancing various aspects of exercise performance, including anaerobic capacity, endurance, and vascular function. However, their efficacy may not extend to all performance metrics, such as upper-body resistance exercise performance. Individual variability and potential side effects necessitate a cautious approach to MIPS usage. Consulting with a healthcare provider can help determine the suitability of these supplements based on personal health status and fitness goals.

    References

    1. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    2. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    3. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

  • Nutrition for Recovery in Pilates: What Science Says

    Pilates is a low-impact yet highly effective exercise system that improves flexibility, strength, and endurance. Whether you’re practicing classical or contemporary Pilates, proper nutrition plays a crucial role in recovery, muscle repair, and overall performance. While Pilates may not be as physically demanding as high-intensity workouts, research shows that balanced nutrition enhances recovery, reduces inflammation, and supports long-term progress.

    In this post, we’ll explore evidence-based nutritional strategies for optimal Pilates recovery, citing relevant literature.

    1. The Role of Macronutrients in Pilates Recovery

    Protein: Supporting Muscle Repair and Strength

    While Pilates primarily targets core strength and stability rather than muscle hypertrophy, it still induces micro-tears in muscles, requiring protein for repair and recovery. Studies show that consuming adequate protein post-exercise enhances muscle protein synthesis (Moore et al., 2015).

    Recommendation:

    • Aim for 0.3–0.4 g/kg of body weight of high-quality protein (e.g., Greek yogurt, eggs, or plant-based protein) within 30–60 minutes after your session (Morton et al., 2018).

    Carbohydrates: Replenishing Energy Stores

    Pilates, especially dynamic reformer classes, depletes muscle glycogen. Research suggests that consuming carbohydrates post-exercise enhances glycogen resynthesis and prevents fatigue (Burke et al., 2017).

    Recommendation:

    • Include 1–1.2 g/kg of body weight of carbohydrates post-session, preferably in combination with protein (e.g., a smoothie with banana and protein powder) (Beelen et al., 2010).

    Healthy Fats: Managing Inflammation

    While fats do not play a direct role in immediate recovery, omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce inflammation and support joint health (Philpott et al., 2019). Given the importance of flexibility and joint mobility in Pilates, incorporating healthy fats is beneficial.

    Recommendation:

    • Include omega-3-rich foods like salmon, flaxseeds, or walnuts in your daily diet.

    2. Hydration: Essential for Muscle Function and Recovery

    Even mild dehydration can impair muscle function, leading to cramps and reduced flexibility (Casa et al., 2019). Since Pilates sessions often emphasize controlled breathing and core engagement, proper hydration supports optimal performance.

    Recommendation:

    • Drink 500 ml of water 30 minutes before your session and rehydrate with electrolyte-rich fluids post-workout, especially after a sweaty class.

    3. Micronutrients for Pilates Recovery

    Magnesium: Reducing Muscle Tension

    Pilates often engages deep stabilizing muscles, leading to muscle fatigue. Magnesium plays a crucial role in muscle relaxation and recovery (Volpe, 2015).

    Sources: Dark leafy greens, nuts, and seeds.

    Vitamin D & Calcium: Supporting Bone Health

    Weight-bearing movements in Pilates improve bone density, but adequate Vitamin D and calcium intake further enhance bone strength (Weaver et al., 2016).

    Sources: Dairy products, fortified plant-based milk, and sunlight exposure.

    4. Anti-Inflammatory Foods for Joint and Muscle Health

    Given Pilates’ emphasis on controlled movement, reducing inflammation is key to preventing stiffness. A Mediterranean-style diet rich in antioxidants has been shown to reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress (Gutiérrez-Salmeán et al., 2017).

    Foods to Include:

    • Berries (high in polyphenols)

    • Turmeric (curcumin reduces inflammation)

    • Green tea (rich in catechins)

    5. Timing Matters: When to Eat for Recovery

    The “anabolic window”—the period after exercise when nutrient intake maximizes recovery—is often debated. Research suggests that while immediate post-workout nutrition is beneficial, overall daily intake matters more (Schoenfeld & Aragon, 2018).

    Best Approach:

    • Eat a balanced meal within 1–2 hours post-Pilates.

    • Prioritize whole, nutrient-dense foods rather than relying solely on supplements.

    Final Thoughts

    Pilates is a practice of balance, and nutrition should reflect that. By incorporating protein for muscle repair, carbohydrates for energy, and anti-inflammatory foods for joint health, you can enhance recovery and improve performance. Science-backed strategies like proper hydration, magnesium intake, and mindful meal timing will help you feel strong and energized after every session.

    References

    • Beelen, M., Burke, L. M., Gibala, M. J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2010). Nutritional strategies to promote postexercise recovery. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20(6), 515-532.

    • Burke, L. M., van Loon, L. J. C., & Hawley, J. A. (2017). Post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(5), 1055-1067.

    • Casa, D. J., et al. (2019). Hydration and health: Consensus document update. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(6), 588-595.

    • Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G., et al. (2017). Dietary antioxidants and exercise performance. Antioxidants, 6(1), 10.

    • Moore, D. R., et al. (2015). Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(3), 528-533.

    • Morton, R. W., et al. (2018). Protein intake to maximize resistance training. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 67-78.

    • Philpott, J. D., et al. (2019). Omega-3 supplementation and exercise recovery. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 33.

    • Schoenfeld, B. J., & Aragon, A. A. (2018). Is there an anabolic window? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 10.

    • Volpe, S. L. (2015). Magnesium and the athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(4), 279-283.

    • Weaver, C. M., et al. (2016). The importance of calcium in bone health. Osteoporosis International, 27(12), 3675-3685.

  • The Importance of Nutrition for Game Day Minus One: A Football Player’s Key to Peak Performance

    As the big game approaches, football players are focused on refining their skills, finalizing tactics, and psyching themselves up for the win. However, one key aspect that can often be overlooked is nutrition—specifically, how players fuel themselves in the day leading up to the game. Nutrition on “game day minus one” (the day before the match) plays a crucial role in ensuring that athletes are physically prepared to perform at their peak. This blog post will explore why nutrition on the day before the game matters and provide evidence-based strategies for soccer players to optimise their energy, hydration, and recovery.

    Why Nutrition on Game Day Minus One Matters

    The human body operates as a finely tuned machine, and much like any machine, it requires the right fuel to function at its best. The day before a soccer match, players are looking to maximise glycogen stores (the body’s stored form of carbohydrate), maintain hydration levels, and promote recovery from previous training sessions.

    Here’s why nutrition on the day before the match is crucial:

    1. Glycogen Storage for Endurance Glycogen, the primary source of energy for athletes during high-intensity exercise, is stored in the muscles and liver. Football, with its high intensity, requires significant energy expenditure, especially during sprints, changes in direction, and bursts of activity. Ensuring that the body has sufficient glycogen stores is essential for endurance, focus, and strength on the field. Research suggests that carbohydrate loading, or increasing carbohydrate intake in the 24-48 hours prior to an event, enhances performance in endurance sports like soccer (Jeukendrup & Killer, 2010). On game day minus one, athletes should aim to consume complex carbohydrates like whole grains, pasta, rice, and potatoes, which provide a slow and sustained release of energy.
    2. Hydration for Optimal Performance Hydration is another pivotal factor in maximising performance. Dehydration can lead to decreased physical performance, reduced cognitive function, and an increased risk of injury. Studies show that even mild dehydration can impair performance, especially in sports that involve aerobic activity and intermittent sprints, such as soccer (Maughan & Shirreffs, 2010). On the day before the game, players should focus on staying hydrated throughout the day. A good rule of thumb is to drink water consistently throughout the day, starting early in the morning and continuing until evening. For some athletes, electrolyte-enhanced beverages may be beneficial, especially if training sessions leading up to the game have been intense.
    3. Promoting Recovery and Reducing Inflammation The training sessions leading up to the game can leave muscles fatigued and inflamed. Proper nutrition supports muscle recovery and minimises inflammation, helping players feel fresh and strong on match day. Protein, in particular, is essential for muscle repair, and it should be consumed at regular intervals throughout the day. A balanced intake of protein and fats is key for recovery. Sources of high-quality protein include whey, chicken, turkey, lean beef, fish, eggs, and plant-based options like tofu and lentils. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish (like salmon), flaxseeds, and walnuts, are particularly beneficial for reducing inflammation (Mickleborough et al., 2011).
    4. Mental Focus and Cognitive Function A player’s mental clarity and focus are just as important as their physical condition when it comes to performing well on game day. The foods consumed the day before can influence cognitive function, decision-making speed, and focus. Foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries, spinach, and nuts, are helpful for reducing oxidative stress and maintaining mental sharpness (McLeay et al., 2013). Additionally, vitamin B-rich foods, such as whole grains and leafy vegetables, play a key role in the nervous system’s function.

    Practical Tips for Nutrition on Game Day Minus One

    Breakfast: A balanced breakfast should focus on providing carbohydrates, moderate protein, and a small amount of healthy fats. An example could be oatmeal topped with fruit, nuts, and a scoop of protein powder or Greek yogurt.

    Lunch: This meal should aim to increase glycogen stores further. A whole grain sandwich or wrap with lean protein (chicken or turkey), vegetables, and a side of fruit or a whole grain salad is a great option.

    Dinner: The final meal of the day should still prioritize carbohydrates, but with a slight emphasis on protein to aid recovery. A plate of whole grain pasta with lean protein (such as chicken) and a tomato-based sauce, alongside a large serving of vegetables, would provide a good balance.

    Snacks: Snacks throughout the day should be light but effective. A small bowl of mixed nuts, a banana with almond butter, or whole-grain crackers with cheese can maintain energy levels.

    Hydration: Drink plenty of water throughout the day. A good target is 3-4 liters for an average adult male, adjusting based on the player’s size, activity level, and environmental conditions.

    Foods to Avoid on Game Day Minus One

    While focusing on nutrition, it is just as important to avoid foods that may hinder performance. Players should steer clear of foods high in refined sugars or overly fatty foods, as they can cause blood sugar fluctuations and sluggishness. Additionally, heavy, rich foods (like greasy fast food) may lead to discomfort or gastrointestinal issues on match day.

    Conclusion

    Nutrition on game day minus one is a powerful tool that can directly influence a soccer player’s performance. By focusing on proper glycogen storage, hydration, recovery, and cognitive function, athletes can ensure that they are ready to perform at their best when the whistle blows. With the right strategies and meal planning, football players can fuel their bodies for success and give themselves the best possible chance of performing to their best.

    References

    • Jeukendrup, A., & Killer, S. C. (2010). The application of carbohydrate periodization in sport. Sports Science Exchange, 23(3), 1-6.
    • Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010). Dehydration and rehydration in competitive sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(Suppl 3), 40-47.
    • Mickleborough, T. D., Murray, R. L., & Ionescu, A. A. (2011). Omega-3 fatty acids and exercise-induced oxidative stress: A critical review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(5), 457-467.
    • McLeay, Y., Mullen, S., & Rattray, B. (2013). Nutritional strategies to support recovery in elite athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(9), 888-903.

  • Contraceptives and Weight Gain in Women: What Does the Science Say?

    Introduction

    The relationship between contraceptive use and weight gain has been a topic of debate for decades. Many women report weight changes after starting hormonal contraceptives, but is there scientific evidence to support this? This blog post reviews the current literature on how different types of contraceptives may influence body weight and composition.

    Types of Contraceptives and Their Potential Impact on Weight

    1. Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs)

    COCs contain both estrogen and progestin and are one of the most commonly used contraceptive methods. Early versions of the pill contained high doses of estrogen, which were linked to water retention and weight gain (Lopez et al., 2016). However, modern low-dose formulations appear to have minimal effects on weight. A Cochrane review analyzing 49 trials found no significant evidence that COCs cause clinically meaningful weight gain (Lopez et al., 2016).

    2. Progestin-Only Pills (POPs)

    Progestin-only pills (also called the “mini-pill”) are sometimes preferred for women who cannot take estrogen. Limited evidence suggests that POPs do not significantly contribute to weight gain. However, some studies report increased appetite as a side effect, which could indirectly influence weight (Berenson et al., 2009).

    3. Injectable Contraceptives (Depo-Provera)

    Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), commonly known as Depo-Provera, has the strongest link to weight gain. Studies show that women using DMPA for a year or longer tend to gain an average of 2–3 kg, with some individuals experiencing even greater increases (Berenson et al., 2009). This weight gain is likely due to increased appetite and fat accumulation rather than water retention.

    4. Hormonal Implants and IUDs

    Implants (e.g., Nexplanon) and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) release progestin over an extended period. Some research indicates that implants may lead to modest weight gain, whereas hormonal IUDs generally do not cause significant changes (Modesto et al., 2015). However, individual responses vary.

    5. Non-Hormonal Contraceptives

    Barrier methods (e.g., condoms, diaphragms) and copper IUDs do not influence hormones and therefore do not contribute to weight changes.

    Potential Mechanisms Behind Contraceptive-Related Weight Gain

    Several theories explain why some women experience weight gain while using hormonal contraceptives:

    • Increased appetite: Some progestins can stimulate appetite, leading to higher caloric intake.
    • Fluid retention: Estrogen can cause mild water retention, but this is typically temporary.
    • Changes in metabolism: Some evidence suggests that contraceptives might slightly alter metabolism and fat distribution.

    Individual Variability and Lifestyle Factors

    It’s important to recognize that weight gain while using contraceptives is not universal. Lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise, and genetics, play a significant role in weight changes. Some women may gain weight due to life-stage factors rather than the contraceptive itself.

    Conclusion

    The belief that all contraceptives cause weight gain is a common misconception. While some methods, particularly DMPA injections, have been linked to increased weight, others (such as COCs and IUDs) show minimal or no significant effects in most women. Women concerned about weight changes should discuss contraceptive options with their healthcare provider to find a method that best suits their needs.

    References

    • Berenson, A. B., Rahman, M., & Wilkinson, G. S. (2009). Weight gain among adolescents using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus oral contraceptives. Pediatrics, 124(2), e281-e289.
    • Lopez, L. M., Edelman, A., Chen, M., & Otterness, C. (2016). Progestin‐only contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(8).
    • Modesto, W., de Nazaré Silva dos Santos, P., Correia, V. M., Borges, J. C., Bahamondes, L., & Bahamondes, M. V. (2015). Body weight and composition in users of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Contraception, 91(6), 495-500.

  • Nutrition for Recovery After a CrossFit Competition: Fuelling Your Body for Optimal Repair

    CrossFit competitions demand a combination of strength, endurance, agility, and mental focus, pushing athletes to their physical limits. After a grueling day (or days) of intense physical activity, proper nutrition is essential to promote recovery, restore energy, and prevent injury. This blog post will outline the critical role of nutrition in post-competition recovery, with evidence-based recommendations to help you recover faster and more effectively.

    Why Recovery Nutrition Matters

    After a CrossFit competition, your body undergoes a series of processes to repair muscle damage, replenish glycogen stores, and rehydrate. The nutrition you provide during the recovery period is vital in optimising these processes. Here’s why:

    1. Muscle Repair and Protein Synthesis: Intense physical activity, such as CrossFit, causes microscopic tears in muscle fibers. Protein is crucial for muscle repair and recovery, as it provides the building blocks needed for muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
    2. Glycogen Replenishment: CrossFit relies heavily on glycolysis for energy, which depletes muscle glycogen stores. Consuming carbohydrates post-competition helps replenish glycogen, enabling the muscles to recover and prepare for future training sessions.
    3. Hydration: During a competition, athletes lose fluids and electrolytes through sweat, which must be replenished to prevent dehydration and maintain optimal performance.
    4. Inflammation Reduction: Intense exercise also induces inflammation in the body. Consuming anti-inflammatory foods and nutrients can help reduce this inflammation and alleviate muscle soreness.

    Key Nutrients for Recovery

    Based on current scientific literature, there are several key nutrients that should be prioritised in your recovery nutrition:

    1. Protein

    Protein intake is critical for muscle repair and recovery. Research shows that consuming 20-40 grams of high-quality protein within 30 minutes to two hours after exercise maximises muscle protein synthesis (Schoenfeld et al., 2013). Whey protein, lean meats, fish, eggs, and plant-based proteins like soy and legumes are excellent sources. Aim for around 1.2–1.7 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day during the recovery phase, as suggested by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (Jäger et al., 2017).

    2. Carbohydrates

    Carbohydrates are essential for replenishing glycogen stores. CrossFit competitions deplete muscle glycogen, and consuming 1.0–1.2 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight within the first hour after intense exercise has been shown to accelerate glycogen resynthesis (Ivy, 2004). This will ensure that your energy stores are replenished for your next training session. Examples of carbohydrate-rich foods include fruits, whole grains, and starchy vegetables.

    3. Electrolytes and Fluids

    Rehydration is critical after CrossFit, especially if the competition involved long, sweaty workouts. Electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and magnesium are lost through sweat and must be replaced to avoid cramps and fatigue. Studies suggest that drinking beverages containing both fluids and electrolytes can improve rehydration and maintain performance during recovery (Maughan & Shirreffs, 2010).

    You can replenish electrolytes with sports drinks, coconut water, or electrolyte tablets. Water is still your primary hydration source, but it’s essential to include electrolytes when you’ve had a significant loss of fluids.

    4. Fats

    While fats are not the primary energy source during recovery, consuming healthy fats can help modulate inflammation and improve overall recovery. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like salmon, walnuts, and chia seeds, have anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce muscle soreness and improve joint recovery (Philippou et al., 2017).

    5. Antioxidants

    Antioxidants help combat oxidative stress, which is an inevitable result of intense exercise. Incorporating fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants, such as berries, spinach, and kale, can reduce muscle damage and inflammation. Some research suggests that antioxidant supplementation (like vitamin C and E) can support muscle recovery, although results are mixed and whole food sources are generally recommended (Ferguson-Stegall et al., 2011).

    6. Caffeine

    Though commonly known for its stimulant effects, caffeine also plays a role in recovery. It has been shown to enhance glycogen re-synthesis when consumed alongside carbohydrates post-exercise, which can further accelerate the recovery process (Graham et al., 2007). So, a small cup of coffee or green tea may be beneficial for some athletes after a competition. Do not compromise sleep if your recovery starts late PM.

    Supplements for Recovery

    While whole foods should always be prioritised, some athletes may benefit from additional supplements to further enhance recovery. Here are some key supplements that may help:

    1. Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

    BCAAs—leucine, isoleucine, and valine—are essential amino acids that play a significant role in muscle recovery. Research suggests that BCAAs can reduce muscle soreness, decrease muscle damage, and stimulate muscle protein synthesis after exercise (Jackman et al., 2010). If you struggle to meet your protein needs from food alone, BCAAs might be a helpful addition to your recovery protocol.

    2. Creatine

    Creatine is a well-researched supplement known for enhancing strength and power during exercise. While it is typically used during training to increase performance, some studies suggest that creatine supplementation post-exercise may help with muscle repair by reducing inflammation and promoting cell recovery (Rawson & Volek, 2003). A typical dose is 3-5 grams per day, and creatine can be taken post-competition to help with long-term muscle recovery.

    3. Glutamine

    Glutamine is an amino acid that plays a critical role in immune function and muscle repair. During periods of intense physical stress, such as after CrossFit competitions, glutamine levels may decrease. Supplementing with glutamine can help to prevent muscle breakdown, improve immune function, and support gut health (Kreider et al., 2010).

    4. Fish Oil (Omega-3 Fatty Acids)

    As mentioned earlier, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects, which are especially beneficial for muscle recovery. Omega-3 supplementation (around 1–3 grams per day) has been shown to reduce muscle soreness and improve recovery after intense exercise (Philippou et al., 2017). Fish oil is an excellent supplement if you don’t regularly consume fatty fish like salmon.

    5. Tart Cherry Juice

    Tart cherry juice has gained attention for its potential to reduce muscle soreness and inflammation. Studies have shown that consuming tart cherry juice before and after intense physical activity can decrease muscle damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation, ultimately aiding in recovery (Howatson et al., 2010). A typical dose is about 230ml of tart cherry juice or equivalent concentrated powder.

    6. Vitamin D

    Vitamin D is vital for bone health, immune function, and muscle function. Some studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may impair muscle recovery and increase the risk of injury. Supplementing with vitamin D, especially in athletes who train indoors or in regions with limited sunlight, may improve recovery and overall performance (Close et al., 2013). A typical dose is 1000-2000 IU per day, but it’s important to have your vitamin D levels checked by a healthcare provider to determine the correct dose.

    Recovery Nutrition Timeline

    The window for post-workout nutrition, often called the “anabolic window,” is typically the first 30-60 minutes post-exercise. During this period, your body is primed to absorb nutrients and initiate the recovery processes. Ideally, your post-competition meal should include a combination of protein, carbohydrates, and fluids. Here’s a sample recovery meal:

    • Protein source: 25-30 grams of lean protein (e.g., chicken, turkey, or plant-based protein powder)
    • Carb source: 50-75 grams of carbohydrates (e.g., sweet potato, quinoa, or fruit)
    • Healthy fat source: A handful of nuts or a tablespoon of olive oil
    • Fluids: 500-700 ml of water or an electrolyte-rich sports drink

    Additional Recovery Strategies

    While nutrition plays a vital role in recovery, it’s important to combine it with other recovery strategies, such as:

    • Sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night. During sleep, the body’s repair and growth processes are most active.
    • Active Recovery: Engage in light exercises, like walking or yoga, the day after the competition to promote blood flow and reduce soreness.
    • Stretching and Foam Rolling: To prevent tight muscles and increase mobility, incorporate stretching and foam rolling into your recovery routine.

    Conclusion

    Post-competition recovery is an essential aspect of maintaining performance and reducing the risk of injury. By focusing on protein for muscle repair, carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment, proper hydration with electrolytes, and inflammation-reducing foods, you can set your body up for optimal recovery. Supplements like BCAAs, creatine, omega-3s, and tart cherry juice can further support your recovery. Remember, recovery doesn’t end the day of the competition—consistent attention to nutrition, sleep, and recovery strategies over the next few days will maximise your results.

    For more info like this follow my Instagram page chrisclayton14

    References:

    1. Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A. A., & Krieger, J. W. (2013). The effect of protein timing on muscle strength and hypertrophy: A meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 53.
    2. Jäger, R., Purpura, M., & Kerksick, C. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 20.
    3. Ivy, J. L. (2004). Dietary strategies to promote glycogen synthesis after exercise. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 29(3), 306-317.
    4. Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2010). Rehydration and recovery after exercise. Nutrition Reviews, 68(2), 80-90.
    5. Philippou, A., Vassiliou, E., & Nicolaides, N. C. (2017). The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(4), 669-683.
    6. Ferguson-Stegall, L., Pollock, R. D., & Stone, M. H. (2011). The effects of antioxidants on exercise-induced muscle damage. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 21(6), 468-476.
    7. Graham, T. E., Wright, D. C., & Bunn, J. (2007). Caffeine ingestion and muscle glycogen use during prolonged exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(5), 415-423.
    8. Jackman, S. R., et al. (2010). Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: Myth or reality? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 1-9.
    9. Rawson, E. S., & Volek, J. S. (2003). Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance exercise on muscle strength and weightlifting performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 822-831.
    10. Kreider, R. B., et al. (2010). Glutamine: A potentially useful supplement for exercise recovery. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(3), 401-406.
    11. Howatson, G., et al. (2010). The effects of tart cherry juice on recovery following prolonged endurance exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 17.
    12. Close, G. L., et al. (2013). The influence of vitamin D status on athletic performance and recovery. Sports Medicine, 43(9), 1307-1319.

  • Tart Cherry….a game changer for athletes?

    I thought about this after being asked if tart cherry is worth it….in my opinion based on the research available i think it certainly has a place in the athletic world. However, I think the context and the correct protocol are vital……A single dose post training may not be enough. Hopefully after reading this you may be best equipped to include tart cherry into your nutrition strategy.

    Tart Cherry for Performance and Recovery: A Science-Backed Approach?

    Athletes and fitness enthusiasts are constantly seeking natural ways to enhance performance and accelerate recovery. One food that has gained attention in recent years is tart cherry (Prunus cerasus). Rich in antioxidants, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, tart cherry has been studied for its potential benefits in muscle recovery, inflammation reduction, and overall exercise performance. This post explores the science behind tart cherry supplementation and its implications for athletic performance and recovery.

    The Science Behind Tart Cherry

    Tart cherries, particularly Montmorency cherries, contain high levels of anthocyanins, which possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Bell et al., 2014). These bioactive compounds help mitigate oxidative stress and muscle damage caused by intense exercise. The consumption of tart cherry juice or supplements has been linked to reductions in markers of muscle damage, such as creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), following strenuous exercise (Connolly et al., 2006).

    Performance Enhancement

    Research suggests that tart cherry supplementation can enhance endurance performance. A study by Levers et al. (2016) found that athletes who consumed tart cherry powder experienced improved aerobic endurance, reduced muscle soreness, and increased time to exhaustion compared to a placebo group. The potential mechanisms include improved blood flow, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced mitochondrial function.

    Additionally, tart cherry has been shown to reduce muscle pain and soreness after high-intensity exercise. In a study by Howatson et al. (2010), marathon runners who consumed tart cherry juice experienced significantly less post-race muscle pain compared to those who did not. This suggests that tart cherry may support better performance by minimizing exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation.

    Accelerated Recovery and Reduced Inflammation

    One of the key benefits of tart cherry for athletes is its ability to speed up muscle recovery. A study by Bowtell et al. (2011) demonstrated that tart cherry supplementation reduced muscle strength loss and improved recovery in well-trained individuals. The anti-inflammatory properties of tart cherry are particularly beneficial in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and facilitating a quicker return to training.

    Moreover, tart cherry has been shown to positively influence sleep quality, which is crucial for recovery. The natural melatonin content in tart cherries may help regulate sleep cycles and improve overall sleep duration and quality (Losso et al., 2018).

    How to Incorporate Tart Cherry Into Your Routine

    For athletes and active individuals looking to incorporate tart cherry into their regimen, research suggests the following guidelines:

    • Tart Cherry Juice: Consuming 8–12 ounces (240–355 mL) of tart cherry juice twice daily for 4–7 days before and after intense exercise can optimize recovery benefits (Howatson et al., 2010).
    • Tart Cherry Capsules/Powder: Taking 480 mg of tart cherry extract or powder daily has been found to provide similar benefits (Levers et al., 2016).
    • Whole Cherries: Eating fresh or dried tart cherries can also provide a natural source of beneficial compounds, although juice and extracts may offer more concentrated effects.

    Conclusion

    Tart cherry supplementation is a promising natural strategy for improving athletic performance, reducing muscle soreness, and accelerating recovery. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tart cherries have been well-documented in scientific literature, making them an excellent addition to an athlete’s nutrition plan. Whether consumed as juice, powder, or whole fruit, tart cherry offers a range of benefits that can support endurance, strength, and overall recovery.

    References

    • Bell, P. G., Stevenson, E., Davison, G. W., & Howatson, G. (2014). The role of cherries in exercise and health. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(3), 477-490.
    • Bowtell, J. L., Sumners, D. P., Dyer, A., Fox, P., & Mileva, K. N. (2011). Montmorency cherry juice reduces muscle damage caused by intensive strength exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(8), 1544-1551.
    • Connolly, D. A. J., McHugh, M. P., & Padilla-Zakour, O. I. (2006). Efficacy of a tart cherry juice blend in preventing symptoms of muscle damage. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(8), 679-683.
    • Howatson, G., McHugh, M. P., Hill, J. A., Brouner, J., Jewell, A. P., Van Someren, K. A., … & Howatson, S. A. (2010). Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(6), 843-852.
    • Levers, K., Dalton, R., Galvan, E., Goodenough, C., O’Connor, A., Simbo, S., … & Kreider, R. B. (2016). Effects of powdered Montmorency tart cherry supplementation on an acute bout of intense lower body strength exercise in resistance trained males. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 13(1), 22.
    • Losso, J. N., Finley, J. W., Karki, N., Liu, A. G., Prudente, A., Tipton, R., & Yu, Y. (2018). Pilot study of the Tart Cherry Juice for the treatment of insomnia and investigation of mechanisms. American Journal of Therapeutics, 25(2), e194-e201.
  • Does Meal Frequency Actually matter?

    Does Meal Frequency Actually matter?

    This aspect of nutrition has produced mixed results over the years and is a question I get asked quite often. The answer is yes….to an extent.

    I would point out it depends on what you are trying to achieve, if you are simply looking to lose weight (fat mass) what seems to be apparent is being in a calorie deficit, if however you are looking to maintain lean mass or build lean mass it may be slightly different.

    The hypothesis is that increasing meals increases the thermic effect of food ultimately increasing total energy expenditure, however the science might tell us something different.

    MEAL FREQUENCY ON FAT MASS

    Research on meal frequency and fat mass presents mixed findings, with no clear consensus on whether eating more frequently leads to greater fat loss. A systematic review published in Nutrients found no significant relationship between meal frequency and body weight or fat mass when total caloric intake was controlled (Schoenfeld et al., 2015). Similarly, a meta-analysis in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition concluded that while some studies suggested a higher meal frequency might slightly reduce fat mass, these results were largely driven by a single study, making generalisability uncertain (Taylor & Garvey, 2014). Conversely, some evidence suggests that increased meal frequency may improve appetite control and reduce overeating, potentially aiding fat loss over time (Leidy & Campbell, 2011). However, the overall scientific consensus suggests that total energy balance—rather than the number of meals per day—is the primary driver of changes in fat mass.

    Science supports this from a biological and physiological standpoint in that when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, the surplus energy is then stored, when energy intake is less then energy expenditure, this results in loss of body mass. (Pang et al, 2014). This equation (energy balance) sits parallel with the foundations of thermodynamics, the second law, which theorises that energy is not destroyed, instead it postulates that energy transfers from one form to another. From this it is argued that the human body is an open system and that environmental, biological, and nutritional factors can influence the direction of energy expenditure and storage, when encompassing the second law of thermodynamics (Thomas et al, 2009).

    MEAL FREQUENCY ON LEAN MASS

    Recent research has explored the relationship between meal frequency and lean mass, yielding mixed results. A 2015 meta-analysis by Schoenfeld et al. found that increased meal frequency was associated with reductions in fat mass and body fat percentage, as well as an increase in fat-free mass. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that these positive effects were primarily driven by a single study, casting doubt on their generalisability. Similarly, a 2020 systematic review and network meta-analysis reported no significant impact of meal frequency on anthropometric outcomes, including lean mass, when total energy intake was held constant. Conversely, a 2015 study by Alencar et al. suggested that increased meal frequency might attenuate fat-free mass losses during a portion-controlled weight loss diet. Overall, these findings suggest that while meal frequency may have some influence, total protein intake and overall dietary quality are more critical factors in managing lean mass.

    TAKE HOME

    If you are looking to lose body fat the gold standard seems to remain as a calorie deficit, however if you ensure you have the correct NET protein intake you will preserve lean mass. In terms of lean mass maximising muscle protein synthesis and ensuring your NET protein intake is adequate seems to be more important than how many meals you eat.

    REFERENCES

    Canuto R, da Silva Garcez A, Kac G, de Lira PIC, Olinto MTA. Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observational studies. Public Health Nutrition. 2017;20(12):2079-2095. doi:10.1017/S1368980017000994.

    Impact of Meal Frequency on Anthropometric Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled TrialsSchwingshackl, Lukas et al.Advances in Nutrition, Volume 11, Issue 5, 1108 – 1122.

    Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA, Krieger JW. Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: a meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2015 Feb;73(2):69-82. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu017. PMID: 26024494.

    Blazey P, Habibi A, Hassen N, Friedman D, Khan KM, Ardern CL. The effects of eating frequency on changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023 Nov 14;20(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01532-z. PMID: 37964316; PMCID: PMC10647044.